Jean de La Bruyère (1645-1696)

One of the major French writers of the 17th -century, a satirist and moralist, who became famous with his Les "Caractères" de Thèophraste, traduits du grec, avec les caractères ou les mœurs de ce siècle (1688). In this misanthropic book La Bruyère described a wide variety of human beings of the day, from the vain Philémon and tattling Celse to the superficial Ménippe and sanctimonius Onuphre.

"There are but three events in a man's life: birth, life and death. He is not conscious of being born, he dies in pain, and he forgets to live." (from The Characters)

Jean de La Bruyère was born in Paris (probably in August – he was baptized on 17 August 1645), the son of a comptroller, a sort of town-tax collector. The family of his mother, Elizabeth Hamonin, were of bourgeois origin. La Bruyère received a good humanistic education, and learned Greek, German, and Latin. After studying law in Orléans, he was licensed in 1665 and admitted to the bar in Paris in the same year. La Bruyère did not pursue his career eagerly, but spent more time following the quarrels and intrigues of his colleagues. In 1673 he bought for about 24,000 livres the office of king's counsellor and financial treasurer for Caen. This post he could ill afford he later sold for 18,000 livres.

From 1674 La Bruyère worked as a tutor to his sister's daughters. Because he was not obliged to move to Caen, he remained in Paris reading, meditating and living a recluse's life. "There are some who speak one moment before they think, " he later wrote. In 1686 La Bruyère sold his office. Between the years 1684 and 1687 he was one of the tutors of the Duke de Bourbon, grandson of the Prince de Condé. La Bruyère remained with the family for the rest of his life, working later as a secretary and librarian in the household, although he was not happy with his inferior status at their country seats at Chantilly and Saint Maur.

With the Characters La Bruyère earned a number of enemies among powerful persons, who felt that they were ridiculed in the book. Eventually in 1693 he was elected to the Académie Française. When his acceptance speech before the Academy was attacked, he had it reprinted in the eighth edition of the Characters. La Bruyère denied that he had used real people as models. He asserted that "every writer is a painter, and every excellent writer an excellent painter. La Bruyère died of apoplexy in Versailles, on 10-11 May, 1696. According to some sources he became suddenly deaf. La Bruyère never married, but he stated that "Marriage seems to place everybody in their proper station of life." There appeared posthumously his Dialogies sur le quiétisme (1698/99), nine dialogues in which he sided with his supporter the Bishop of Meaux, Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet, in a polemic against quietism, a sect of religious mystics.

La Bryuère's Characters made him instantly famous. The book appeared as an appendage to his translation of the Characters of Theophrastus, the 4th-century-BC writer. As a source he used the Latin translation of Isaac Casaubon, but also consulted the original Greek text. To the 30 sketches he added 390 of his own. Gradually the book expanded and during his lifetime eight successive editions were published. The ninth (1696), which was in preparation at the time of his death, already contained 1,130 sketches of different personalities. The first translation into English, "by Several Hands", appeared in 1699.

The Characters has often been compared to La Rochefoucauld's (1613-1680) Réflexions, which examined the behavior of the social elite. As a moralist La Bruyère shared the same disillusioned view of human nature with Baltasar Gracián. They both separated the appearance and the essence of a human being. Gracián was interested in giving advice and presenting his concept of an ideal man and ideal style. La Bruyère's position at Chantilly provided him with a unique vantage point, from which he could witness the era of Louis XIV passing by, with its most prominent men and most beautiful women. As a true Christian he also wanted to reform people's manners and ways of thinking through publishing records of his observations of aristocratic foibles and follies.

In The Characters La Bruyère aimed to reveal what people really are behind their social masks. All kinds of social types pretending to be something they are not, are portrayed sharply and vividly. With this book La Bruyère could pay back at least some of the casual insults and humiliations he received from the people he had to serve. "To laugh at men of sense is the privilege of fools," he wrote. La Bruyère's style is witty and lucid, and his opinions clearly conservative. He attacks freethinkers and old people who fall in love, and women run to extremes – "they are either better or worse than men." In literary battles he d efended les anciens against les modernes. Occasionally he shows his awareness of social injustices and expresses sympathy toward the plight of peasants, but remains nevertheless a committed monarchist. The main target of his satire was the faults in a person's character, not defects of the social or political system of the time.

For further reading: Jean de La Bruyère, Les Caractères by Patrice Soler (1994); La Bruyère, amateur de Caractères by Floyd Gray (1986); The Dissolution of Character by Michael S. Koppish (1981); Du style à la pensée by Jules Brody (1980); Two French Moralists: La Rochefoucauld and La Bruyère by Odette de Mourgues (1978); Les Caractères de La Bruyère, La Bruyère au travail by Robert Garapon (1978); La Bruyère ou le style cruel by Doris Kirsch (1978); Jean de La Bruyère by Edward Knox (1973); Les Caractères de La Bruyère by André Stegman (1972); La Bruyère moraliste by Louis van Delft (1971); Deux accès à La Bruyère by René Jasinski (1971); La Bruyère et ses Caractères by Pierre Richard (1965); L'art du portrait chez La Bruyère by Paquot-Pierret (1948); La Bruyère et Théophraste by G. Michaut (1936); Le Bruyère by Gustave Michaut (1936) - For further information: - Jean de La Bruyère (The Catholic Encyclopedia)

Selected works:

* Les "Caractères" de Thèophraste, traduits du grec, avec les caractères ou les mœurs de ce siècle, 1688 (3 editions), 1689, 1690, 1691, 1692, 1694, 1696 (posthumously) - The Characters; or, The Manners of the Age... with the Characters of Theophrastus, Translated from the Greek; and a Prefactory Discourse to Them by Monsieur de La Bruyere; to which Is Added a key to His Characters (tr. anon., 1699) / The Characters of Theophrastus, Translated from the Greek, with the Characters and Manners of this Century (tr.: Eustace Budgell, 2 ed. 1714) / The Works of m. de La Bruyere. To which is Added the Characters of Theophrastus, 1776 (by N. Rowe, esq.) / The Characters of La Bruyère (tr. by Henri van Laun, 1885) / The Morals and Manners of the Seventeeth Century, being the Characters of La Bruyère (tr. by Helen Stott, 1890) / La Bruyère and Vauvenargues: Selections from the Characters, Reflections and Maxims (tr. by Elizabeth Lee, 1903) / Selections from Les caractères of La Bruye (ed. by F. M. Warren, 1906) / Characters (tr. by Jean Stewart, 1970) / - Luonnekuvia, eli, Tämän vuosisadan tapoja (suom. J. A. Hollo, 1958)
* Préface du discours, 1693
* Dialogies sur le quiétisme, 1698/99
* Œuvres complètes, 1865-78 (4 vols., ed. by G. Servois, rev. ed. 1922)
* Œuvres complètes, 1935
* Œuvres complètes, 1951 (ed. by Julien Benda)
* http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/bruyere.htm